{"id":3753,"date":"2025-04-02T20:21:52","date_gmt":"2025-04-02T20:21:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aomtodayprod.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=3753"},"modified":"2025-07-09T15:14:49","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T15:14:49","slug":"shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\/","title":{"rendered":"Shifting from Either\/Or to Both\/And Thinking Benefits Leaders"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Daniel Butcher<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cThe test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function,\u201d American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote. That quote crystallizes related wisdom from Eastern schools of thought such as Taoism and Western philosophers, including Zeno of Elea and S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard, who explored the implications of shifting from binary black-or-white either\/or categorization and decision-making to both\/and thinking, also known as a paradox mindset.<\/p>\n

Academy of Management Scholar Wendy Smith<\/a> of the University of Delaware said that understanding the concept of paradox and applying it to creative thinking and decision making are key competencies for effective leadership.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe face tensions every day in society and our personal and professional lives, making decisions, serving in a leadership role, and spurring innovation,\u201d Smith notes. \u201cParadox theory invites us to reframe the tensions from problems to opportunities.<\/p>\n

\u201cPhilosophers have been highlighting the paradoxical nature of our world for over 2,500 years,\u201d she said. \u201cYet we are only now returning to these ideas to help inform our key tensions in life.\u201d<\/p>\n

For years, leaders and academics have sought clear, logical, either\/or choices. This analytical approach has advanced scientific discoveries but limited our understanding of complexity.<\/p>\n

\u201cOver the last 200 years or so, as our world and challenges become more complex, science is turning to understand paradox,\u201d Smith said. \u201cFor example, quantum physics is all about paradox, and it\u2019s hard to get your head around, but essentially, a particle is both there and not there at the same time, and photons are both a wave and a particle at the same time.<\/p>\n

\u201cPsychoanalysts argue that the human psyche depends on holding opposing pressures, both being expansive and restrictive, focusing on both the self and the other, engaging the id and the ego,\u201d she said. \u201cScholars studying leadership and organizations, and all the research that we publish in the Academy of Management journals\u2014we are late to the paradox party.\u201d<\/p>\n

Smith believes that it\u2019s now time for us to embrace the paradoxical nature of organizations and leadership. She noted that the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) recently released a new set of competencies that professors need to teach their students, who include future business leaders. AACSB states: Leaders who exhibit a paradox mindset accept that there are multiple ways of knowing and being and welcome such contradictions in their decision-making. In the context of business, paradox requires leaders to refrain from instinctually resolving contradictions, as doing so can eliminate critical differences in thought.<\/p>\n

\u201cLeaders are facing more complex challenges,\u201d Smith said. \u201cBoth\/and thinking offers the opportunity to effectively navigate these issues.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Daniel Butcher \u201cThe test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function,\u201d American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote. That quote crystallizes related wisdom from Eastern schools of thought such as Taoism and Western philosophers, including Zeno of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4341,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,21,75,19],"tags":[],"sp_smart_badges":[],"ppma_author":[70],"class_list":["post-3753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-entrepreneurship","category-innovation","category-investors","category-leadership"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nShifting from Either\/Or to Both\/And Thinking Benefits Leaders - Academy of Management Today<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Daniel Butcher\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Daniel Butcher\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d1297a59039d9ca7bac9d9f0952e508c\"},\"headline\":\"Shifting from Either\\\/Or to Both\\\/And Thinking Benefits Leaders\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-04-02T20:21:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-07-09T15:14:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":460,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/04\\\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-scaled.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"ENTREPRENEURSHIP\",\"INNOVATION\",\"INVESTORS\",\"LEADERSHIP\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aom.org\\\/today\\\/shifting-from-either-or-to-both-and-thinking-benefits-leaders\\\/\",\"name\":\"Shifting from Either\\\/Or to Both\\\/And Thinking Benefits Leaders - 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You can reach him at dbutcher@aom.org or via LinkedIn.","sameAs":["https:\/\/aomtodayprod.wpenginepowered.com","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/danielbutcher\/"],"url":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/author\/daniel-butcher\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":70,"user_id":4,"is_guest":0,"slug":"daniel-butcher","display_name":"Daniel Butcher","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/DanButcher_Academy-of-Management.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/DanButcher_Academy-of-Management.webp"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-scaled.jpg",2560,1707,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"large":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-1024x683.jpg",800,534,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-2048x1365.jpg",2048,1365,true],"owl_elementor_thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-600x400.jpg",600,400,true],"owl_elementor_team":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-350x450.jpg",350,450,true],"owl_elementor_testimonial":["https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ying-yang-fire-and-ice_shutterstock_2250026935-100x100.jpg",100,100,true]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Daniel Butcher","author_link":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/author\/daniel-butcher\/"},"rttpg_comment":1,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/category\/entrepreneurship\/\" rel=\"category tag\">ENTREPRENEURSHIP<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/category\/innovation\/\" rel=\"category tag\">INNOVATION<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/category\/investors\/\" rel=\"category tag\">INVESTORS<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/category\/leadership\/\" rel=\"category tag\">LEADERSHIP<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"By Daniel Butcher \u201cThe test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function,\u201d American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote. That quote crystallizes related wisdom from Eastern schools of thought such as Taoism and Western philosophers, including Zeno of…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3753"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3753\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3753"},{"taxonomy":"sp_smart_badges","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/sp_smart_badges?post=3753"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aom.org\/today\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=3753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}